after Christi birth
post Christum natum (p.Chr.n.)
 

after death (of Jesus Christ)
This corresponds to that o.c.
 

Anno Mundi
ab creatione mundi (since creation of the world)
 

ab urbe condita
(since the establishment of the city Rome)
 

It is the period between 2 passages of the earth by its sun-next point of course.
 

Anno Hedirae
Anno Hedschra
Anno Hidschra
 

It is called also era of the Pandodorus. The Alexandrin monk Pandodorus specified the time of the creation of the world around 400 o.c. on the 29th Augustus 5493 b.o.c. (after the proleptic Julian calendar).
to 5493 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Alexandrin world era
 

That is the year 46 b.o.c. with a length of 445 days.
On the 23rd February of the previous yearly followed 23 intercalary days and between that 29th November and 1st December the switching months Undecembris with 33 days and Duodecembris with 34 days were inserted.
 

25th March
It is the celebration of the announcement (annuntiatio) at Mary accepted conception Jesu.
Here between Florentiner and Pisaner style is differentiated.
 

It begins on 11th July 552 o.c. (after the Julian calendar).
to 552 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Armenian era
 

On this day the sun goes down exactly regarding the east up and exactly regarding the west. The day and the night are equivalent long, therefore diesre day is called also autumn day and night-same.
 

before Christi birth
ante Christum natum (a.Chr.n.)
 

before crucifixion (of Jesus Christ)
This corresponds to that b.o.c.
 

before our chronology
 

1st March
It is called also March- or old Roman style.
The years in the Circumcisions style and before Caesar style are identical from the 1st March to 31st December. The before Caesar style is from the 1st January to 28th and/or 29th February around 1 year back.
 

That is a text in two languages, like for example the stone of Rosette. Here is to be considered however, which is in 3 languages this stone: Hieroglyphics -, Demotican and Greek writing. With the help of this stone it was to be deciphered possible the hieroglyphic writing.
 

It contains the reforms of the Gregorian calendar. The changes consisted of:
- definition of the yearly beginning on 1st January
- definition of Easter after the council of Nicaea
- The existence of the Julian calendar should remain as preserved as possible.
- introduction of a new leap year regulation:
  - years (after the Christian era), those by 4 divide no remainder devoted are leap years
  - secular years (after the Christian era), those by 100 divide no remainder devoted are common years
  - secular years (after the Christian era), those by 400 divide no remainder devoted are leap years
- change of the east inheritance calculation, which the actual reason for this reform was
- omission of 10 calender dates, in order to correct and/or accomplish around the reform the Julian calendar
- The weekday counting is not interrupted.
 

1st September
It is called also September style.
The years in the Circumcisions style and Byzantin style are identical from the 1st January to 31st August. Since that 1st September is the Byzantin style around 1 year ahead.
Of 13th Century until 1700 it was used in Russia.
 

It is called also Greek world era. Historical writers from Byzanz specified the time of the creation of the world on the 1st September 5509 b.o.c. (after the proleptic Julian calendar).
In the Byzantine realm and in Russia this counting method was used until 1453 o.c. and/or 1700 o.c.
to 5509 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Byzantin world era
 

The problem designates a calendar system with another calendar system in agreement to bring. This problem is solved as one historical events in the culture area of the new calendar with reports of the same event in a culture area of a well-known calendar system searches and/or compares. Also with the help of the astronomy this problem can be solved, as for example with the Egyptian calendar with the heliakischen stairway of the Sirius.
 

It was developed 525 o.c. by the abbot Dionysios Exiguus.
It equated that 248th year after the Diocletian era with the year 532 a.Chr. and called the again-counted years "anni domini nostri Jesu Christi" (the years of our Lord Jesus Christu).
This counting method was spread about 1000 o.c. everywhere in Europe. The popes used it officially only starting from 1431 o.c.
In the year 1606 o.c. the German astronomer Johannes Kepler found out, which is wrong the point of origin of this counting method. For exact definition a sky feature (described in the Bible as star of Bethlehem) must be considered. Johannes Kepler interpreted this feature as a meeting of the planets Jupiter and Saturn in the year 7 b.o.c.
This would mean all numerical data, which were dated after the Christian era, by 7 years is too short!!!
 

25th December
It is the celebration of the birth Christi.
The years in the Circumcisions style and Christmas style are identical from the 1st January to 24th December. Since that 25th December is the Christmas style around 1 year ahead.
- of 1305 o.c. until 1575 o.c. in the Netherlands, Flanders, Brabant, Hennegau and in the diocese Geneva
- to 13th century in imperial documents
- until 1575 o.c. in the Spanish Netherlands (today's Belgium)
- since 1250 o.c. in the diocese Sitten
- since 1310 o.c. in the archdiocese Cologne
- since 1350 o.c. in Aragon
- since 1383 o.c. in Castile
 

1st January
It is the celebration of cutting (circumcisio) Christi, which was celebrated since the 7th century o.c.
The papal pulpit used this style in breviarys and bulls since 1621 o.c. and/or 1691 o.c. This style is the most frequently used style, which is today used.
- since 1556 o.c. in Spain
- since 1563 o.c. in France
- since 1575 o.c. in the Netherlands, Flanders, Brabant, Hennegau and in the diocese Geneva
- since that 30 year old war in the archdiocese Trier
- since 1700 o.c. in Russia
- since 1749 o.c. in Florenz and Pisa
- since 1752 o.c. in Great Britain
 

On 12th July 1561 o.c. (after the Julian calendar) the bishop von Yucatán, Diego de Lamda left, before whom Franziskanerkloster in Mani burn all false deitys and other objects of the Mayas. Among other things many Codices, the books of the Mayas, were burned.
Four Codices remained today fortunately preserved until. The Codices was designated to its current repository:
- Dresdner Codex
- Grolier Codex
- Madrider Codex
- Paris Codex
 

That is a year without auxiliary days or -months.
 

In the today's city Iznik took place 325 o.c. the first oecumenical council.
On the council the spring beginning was specified on the 21st March. Also the Easter date was specified on 1st Sunday after the 1st full moon after spring beginning. On resolution of the council the 7-day Jewish-Christian week was introduced.
 

It met as 19th oecumenical council between 1545 o.c. until 1563 o.c. On the council no reform of the Julian calendar could become generally accepted, therefore this task the Pope was transferred.
 

The decree contains an honour of Ptolemaios IIIrd Euergetes Ist and his wife Berenike, a calendar reform and a deification of the daughter princess Berenike. It was drawn up in hieroglyphic writing, Greek and Demotican writing.
On 15th April 1866 o.c. (after the Gregorian calendar) by San Al-Hagar (Tanis or Zoan) of German scholar (under other professor Richard Lepsius) the decree one found. It stores today in the Egyptian museum of Cairo.
In the year 1881 o.c. (after the Gregorian calendar) a dupe was found by Maspero in Kôm al-Hisn. This is likewise in the Egyptian Museium of Cairo.
A second dupe, but only provided with hieroglyphic writing, was found to 1885 by Sir Flinders Petri by Tell Nebireh, what likewise stores in the Egyptian museum of Cairo.
 

It is called also martyr era.
It counted since that 29th August 284 o.c. (after the Julian calendar), which the accession of the emperor Diocletians was.
to 284 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Diocletian era
 

It is in the Saxonian federal state library in Dresden.
Contents of the Codex:
- religious and rituele topics
- boards with the run of the Venus
- boards with sun darkness and lunar eclipses
- boards with different daily countings of the Tzolkin calendar
- texts over certain divinities
 

auxiliary days
 

It marks the income of Alexandria (Egypt) of emperor Augustus. This era becomes since 30 b.o.c. in Egypt uses.
to 30 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the era of the Augustus
 

It is fixed on 15th March 1079 n.u.Z.
to 1079 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the era of the Dschelal ed-din Malik Shah
 

It begins on 29th August 8 o.c.(after the Julian calendar).
to 8 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Ethiopical era
 

25th March
It is the celebration of the announcement (annuntiatio) at Mary accepted conception Jesu.
The years in the Circumcisions style and Florentiner style are identical of 25th March to 31st December. From the 1st January to 24th March the Florentiner style is around 1 year back.
The papal pulpit used this style in breviarys and bulls from the 10th century to 1621 o.c. and/or 1691 o.c.
- from the 10th century to 12th century in France
- from the 12th century to 1749 o.c. in Florenz
- from the 13th century to 1752 o.c. in England/Great Britain
- until 16th century in the diocese Lausanne
- until 1575 o.c. in Luxembourg
- until 1579 o.c. in Lorraine
 

It is the ordinal number in the 19 yearly old Meton moon cycle and in the church calendar for the determination of the Easter date is used. Each golden number corresponds a certain date for the first full moon after spring beginning (Easter full moon).
 

It received this names, since it was issued 1973 o.c. for the first time in the Grolier club. The Codex was returned to the Mexican government, but the repository is not at present well-known me.
Contents of the Codex:
- borads with the run of the Venus
 

The length of the cycle amounts to 365, 340 or 378 days. After 365, 340 or 378 days, thus at 366th, 341st. or 379th day, repeats itself the date designation in the Haab calendar.
 

That is short the first visible rise of a star before sunrise. Here the Heliacan rise of the Sirius is of important importance (Greek Sothis; Egyptian spdt or Sopdet), because he marks the beginning yearly and takes place around 19th July.
 

In the year 507 b.o.c. the Jupiter temple on the Kapitol in Rome was inaugurated.
to 507 b.o.c. year 1 coresponds to the inauguraton of the Jupiter temple
 

The individual years of this cycle are called also Roman interest number. Originally this served the taxation system of the Roman realm. Emperor Augustus introduced this 3 b.o.c. (after the Julian calendar) with a cycle of 5 years. Later 3 of such cycles into a cycle by 15 years were combined.
Since 312 o.c. (after the Julian calendar) this Roman interest number was used as calendar number. Today it is used as proof figure in the chronology.
 

It marks the escape Mohammeds from Mekka to Medina. The 2nd caliph Omar Ist specified it in the Islamic calendar on 15th July 622 o.c. In addition, there is the indication, which began this era on 16th July 622 o.c.
It is fixed in the Persian calendar on 19th March 622 o.c.
to 622 o.c. corresponds 1 A.H.
 

The Jewish time is indicated in hours (H) and Chalukot (P). The conversion into the civil time takes place as follows:
- H + 18 = indication of the hour
- P * (10/3) indication of the seconds

Example 5H 204P
5H + 18 = 23 o'clock
204P * (10/3) = 680 seconds

(680/60) = 11 minutes + (1/3) minutes
((1/3) * 60) = 20 seconds

The Jewish time of 5H 204P corresponds to 23:11:20 o'clock.
 

The Patriarch Hillel IInd Náir specified the time of the creation of the world on 6 October 3761 b.o.c. (after the proleptisch Julian calendar).
to 3761 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Jewish world era
 

auxiliary days
 

The naming is based either on Julius Caesar Scaliger, to the father of Joseph Justus Scaliger, or on the use of the years after the Julian calendar. The Julian date is shortened with JD.
 

It is called also Scaliger period. It covers a cycle of 7980 years. Within this cycle are 285 suns -, 532 indiction or 1420 moon cycles contain.
 

It specifies the year of the foundation of Rome on 752 b.o.c.
to 752 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Kapitolin era
 

That is a year with auxiliary days or -months.
 

The Lilian date is shortened with LD.
 

The length of the cycle amounts to 1,871,999 days, if one Maya epoch is accepted by 13 Baktun.
With an acceptance of one Maya epoch of 20 Alautun the length of the cycle amounts to 460,799,999,999 days.
 

It is today in the Madrider Museo del America.
Contents of the Codex:
- new year ceremonies
- texts to the rain god and its influence on the agriculture
- rituals for the successful hunt, beekeeping and sowing
 

It is called also Diocletian era.
It counted since that 29th August 284 o.c. (after the Julian calendar), which the accession of the emperor Diocletians was.
to 284 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the martyr era
 

The modified Julian date is shortened with MJD.
 

That is the time, at which the new moon occurs the month Tischri.
 

A calendar, which orients itself at the run of the moon. The year of such a calendar has 355 days and in certain distances should auxiliary days be inserted, since otherwise the calendar runs to the actual year asynchronously.
 

Also as a Meton period is called and used with the golden number.
It is a cycle of 19 years. After 19 years, thus in 20th the year, falls all mond phases again on the same calender date.
Here mentioned, that is after 532 years, thus in 533rd the year, falls all mond phases again on the same calender date and weekday. This cycle is called also Easter cycle.
 

The number system is based on the basis 20. The numbers of "0" to "19" were used. The "0" by a graphic glyphe one represented. The numbers of "1" to "4" were represented by points. The "5", "10" and "15" was represented by one, two and three bars. The number of "19" was represented by dree bars and 4 points. All other numbers were illustrated by the appropriate number of bars and points.
 

our chronology
 

auxiliary days
 

It is in the national library Paris.
Contents of the Codex:
- prophecies
- description over the creation of the universe
- descriptions of the animal circle of the Mayas (13 constellations)
 

Eastern (22nd March to 25th April)
It is called also Easter style.
The years in the Circumcisions style and Pascha style are identical from Easter to 31st December. The Pascha style is from the 1st January to Easter around 1 year back.
- of the 12th century until 1563 o.c. in France
- of 1200 o.c. until 1250 o.c. in the diocese Sitten
- of 1220 o.c. until 1305 o.c. in the Netherlands, Flanders, Brabant, Hennegau and in the diocese Geneva
- until 1310 o.c. in the archdiocese Cologne
 

It marks the establishment of the Monachie in Persia. It is fixed on 28th March 559 b.o.c.
to 559 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Persian era
 

25th March
It is the celebration of the announcement (annuntiatio) at Mary accepted conception Jesu.
The years in the Circumcisions style and Pisaner style are identical from the 1st January to 24th March. Since that 25th March is the Pisaner style around 1 year ahead.
The papal pulpit used this from 1088 o.c. until 1145 o.c.
- until 1749 o.c. in Pisa
 

anticipating, anticipating
In connection with the chronology means this, which is designated a date designation after a calendar system, when this calendar system was not used yet.
 

It is the highest instance for internal-Jewish affairs. It decided on monthly and yearly beginnings.
 

the without trousers days
The auxiliary days in the French revolution calendar were designated after the soldiers of the revolution army, the Sansculettes.
 

Those are years, which end with two zeros, for example 1600, 1700, 1800, 2000.
 

It counted since 312 b.o.c. (after the proleptic Julian calendar), which the accession of the ruler Seleukos was.
to 312 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Seleukid era
 

It is the time interval, which needs the earth for a circulation around the sun, the position relative to the star background is always measured.
 

It is a cycle of 1460 Egyptian years or 1460 * 365 = 532900 days. After 1460 years, thus in the 1461st year, falls the Heliacan rise of the Sirius again on the yearly beginning of the Egyptian calendar.
 

It is counted since that 1st January 38 b.o.c. (after the Julian calendar). The meaning of this date in Spain is not exactly well-known.
to 38 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Spanish era
 

That is the intersection of celestial equator and ecliptic.
The celestial equator is the projection of the earth equator to the apparent sky ball. The ecliptic or animal circle line is the apparent sun course at the sky ball. On it the sun puts its apparent annual movement back.
The pring point is called also Aries point.
 

A calendar, which orients itself at the run of the sun. The year of such a calendar has 365 days and in certain distances should auxiliary days be inserted, since otherwise the calendar runs to the actual year asynchronously.
 

It is a cycle of 28 years. After 28 years, thus in 29. the year, falls all calender dates of the yearly again on the same weekday.
 

A calendar, which orients itself at the run of the sun and the moon. The months depend on the moon, but the yearly length depends on the sun. Thus this functioned is inserted in certain distances auxiliary days or one auxiliary month, since otherwise the calendar runs to the actual year asynchronously.
 

It is the period, which needs the sun, in order to move from spring point to spring point. It is the actual calendar year.
 

The truncated Julian date is shortened with TJD, which has its origin from the English (to truncate = to cut; to shorten).
 

The length of the cycle amounts to 260 days. After 260 days, thus to 261st day, repeats itself the date designation in the Tzolkin calendar.
 

Marcus Terentius Varro got along 43 b.o.c. on the idea the years of a fixed time to count. The time was specified to the sayful year of the foundation of the city Rome on 753 b.o.c.
to 753 b.o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Varron era
 

It marks the accession of the last sassanidian ruler Yazdegar IIIrd. It is fixed on 16th June 632 o.c.
to 632 o.c. year 1 corresponds to the Yazdegarian era